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Introduction
"We take energy for granted. Fuel shortages and power cuts are rare,
but timely, reminders that we rely on energy for transport, for heating our
homes in winter, cooling them in summer and running our factories, farms and
offices. But many energy resources are finite. In addition, energy use is often
a source of pollution. Sustainable development means using less fossil fuel
more intelligently and developing alternatives" (EUROPA, 2005).
Energy is consumed during construction, demolition and the day to day running
of buildings for cooling, heating, ventilation and lighting. The residential
and tertiary sector, the major part of which is buildings, account for more
than 40% of final energy consumption in the Community and this is increasing
(European Commission, 2001a).
The requirement for energy has resulted in a number of factors (i) the need
to make energy savings through energy efficiency measures and systems (ii) the
reliance on finite fossil fuels, particularly from outside Europe (the risks
of energy dependency) (iii) visual, air and noise pollution caused through energy
generation and transportation, (iv) the need for alternative energy sources.
The European Directive on Energy efficiency: energy performance of buildings
(European Commission, 2003) identifies the need to improve energy efficiency,
especially in existing buildings. It proposes a common framework for calculating
energy performance of buildings, and regular inspection of buildings and energy
systems. In particular this provides the necessary legislative powers for EU
states to tackle energy efficiency problems in the existing building stock.
"Some 80% of the energy the EU consumes is from fossil fuels - oil, natural gas and coal. A significant and increasing proportion of this comes
from outside the EU. Dependence on imported oil and gas, which is currently
50%, could rise to 70% by 2030. This will increase the vulnerability to supply cuts or higher prices resulting from international crises. It also
needs to burn less fossil fuel in order to reverse global warming. The way forward is a combination of energy savings through more efficient energy use,around 1% of consumption annually, alternative sources particularly renewables within the EU, and more international cooperation" (EUROPA,2005)
The main energy sources currently used are in diminishing supply and will eventually
run out. There is a need to increase the use of alternative technologies to reduce dependence on the limited supply of fossil fuels. Renewable energy is
obtained from sources that are essentially inexhaustible such as wood, waste, geothermal, wind, biomass, photovoltaic and solar, in contrast to fossil fuels of which there is only a finite supply. The European Commissions Directive on the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources (European Commission, 2001b) in the internal electricity market states a target of 12% of gross inland
energy consumption from renewables for the Community as a whole by 2010, of
which electricity would represent 22.1%. The renewable energy market is constantly
increasing and presently employs 200,000 people in Europe.
Pollution is a side effect of energy generation and transportation. Rising
energy use is increasing carbon dioxide emissions which is a major causal factor
of climate change. Visual pollution is created by the infrastructure associated
with energy generation, whether from fossil fuels or renewable sources,
power stations and wind turbines all have an impact on the landscape.
Sustainability within the energy sector could be achieved through energy supply
from renewable resources being matched by energy consumption. |